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| common_name=Japan |continent=Asia |country=Japan | status = Military occupation | p1=Empire of Japan |flag_p1=Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg | s1=Japan |flag_s1=Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg | s2=United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands |flag_s2=US flag 48 stars.svg | s3=Soviet Union |flag_s3=Flag of the Soviet Union (1923-1955).svg | s4=Republic of China (1912–49) |flag_s4=Flag of the Republic of China.svg | s5=Third Republic of the Philippines |flag_s5=Flag_of_the_Philippines_(navy_blue).svg | image_flag = Flag of Allied Occupied Japan.svg | image_flag2 = Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svgborder | flag=Occupation_of_Japan#_note-flag |flag_type=Flag |flag_border=yes | image_coat=Imperial Seal of Japan.svg |symbol_type=Imperial Seal | image_map=Occupied Japan.png |image_map_caption=Dissolution of the Japanese Empire (click image for further information). | capital = Tokyo | common_languages = Japanese | title_leader = Military Governor | leader1=Douglas MacArthur |year_leader1=1945–1951 | leader2=Matthew Ridgway |year_leader2=1951–1952 | title_representative = Emperor | representative1=124th Hirohito |year_representative1=1945–1952 | era = Cold War | event_pre = Japanese surrender | date_pre = August 14, 1945 | event_start = | year_start=1945 |date_start=August 28 | event1 = Instrument of Surrender signed | date_event1 = September 2, 1945 | event_end = Treaty of San Francisco | year_end=1952 |date_end=April 28 }} The Allied occupation of Japan at the end of World War II was led by Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, with support from the British Commonwealth. Unlike the occupation of Germany, the Soviet Union was allowed little to no influence over Japan. This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the nation had been occupied by a foreign power. It transformed the country into a democracy that recalled American "New Deal" priorities of the 1930s politics by Roosevelt.〔Theodore Cohen, and Herbert Passin, ''Remaking Japan: The American Occupation as New Deal'' (Free Press, 1987).〕 The occupation, codenamed Operation ''Blacklist'', was ended by the San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951 and effective from April 28, 1952, after which Japan's independencewith the exception, until 1972, of the Ryukyu Islands was restored. According to John Dower, in his book ''Cultures of War: Pearl Harbor/Hiroshima/9-11/Iraq'', the factors behind the success of the occupation were: == Japanese surrender == (詳細はPotsdam Declaration. On the following day, Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's unconditional surrender on the radio (the Gyokuon-hōsō). The announcement was the emperor's first ever radio broadcast and the first time most citizens of Japan ever heard their sovereign's voice.〔Gordon 2003, p. 226.〕 This date is known as ''Victory Over Japan'', or V-J Day, and marked the end of World War II and the beginning of a long road to recovery for a shattered Japan. On V-J Day, US President Harry Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP), to supervise the occupation of Japan. During the war, the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation, as was done for the occupation of Germany. Under the final plan, however, SCAP was given direct control over the main islands of Japan (Honshū, Hokkaido, Shikoku and Kyūshū) and the immediately surrounding islands, while outlying possessions were divided between the Allied Powers as follows: *Soviet Union: North Korea (not a full occupation), Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands *United States: South Korea (not a full occupation), Okinawa, the Amami Islands, the Ogasawara Islands and Japanese possessions in Micronesia *Republic of China: Taiwan and Penghu *United Kingdom: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Hong Kong, Solomon Islands It is unclear why the occupation plan was changed. Common theories include the increased power of the United States following development of the atomic bomb, Truman's greater distrust of the Soviet Union when compared with Roosevelt, and an increased desire to contain Soviet expansion in the Far East after the Yalta Conference. The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō.〔Hasegawa 2005, 271''ff''.〕 Had this occurred, there might have been the foundation of a communist "Democratic People's Republic of Japan" in the Soviet zone of occupation. However, unlike the Soviet occupations of East Germany and North Korea, these plans were frustrated by the opposition of U.S. President Harry S Truman.〔 The Far Eastern Commission and Allied Council for Japan were also established to supervise the occupation of Japan.〔National Diet Library: (Glossary and Abbreviations ).〕 Japanese officials left for Manila, Philippines on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to be briefed on his plans for the occupation. On August 28, 150 U.S. personnel flew to Atsugi, Kanagawa Prefecture. They were followed by USS ''Missouri'', whose accompanying vessels landed the 4th Marine Division on the southern coast of Kanagawa. Other Allied personnel followed. MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30, and immediately decreed several laws: No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people. No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food. Flying the ''Hinomaru'' or "Rising Sun" flag was initially severely restricted (although individuals and prefectural offices could apply for permission to fly it). The restriction was partially lifted in 1948 and completely lifted the following year.〔〕 On September 2, 1945 Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender. On September 6, U.S. President Truman approved a document titled "US Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan".〔text in ''Department of State Bulletin'', September 23, 1945, pp. 423–427.〕 The document set two main objectives for the occupation: (1) eliminating Japan's war potential and (2) turning Japan into a western style nation with pro-American orientation. Allied (primarily American) forces were set up to supervise the country, and "for eighty months following its surrender in 1945, Japan was at the mercy of an army of occupation, its people subject to foreign military control."〔Takemae, Eiji. 2002 p. xxvi.〕 At the head of the Occupation administration was General MacArthur who was technically supposed to defer to an advisory council set up by the Allied powers, but in practice did everything himself. As a result, this period was one of significant American influence, having been already identified in 1951, that "for six years the United States has had a free hand to experiment with Japan than any other country in Asia, or indeed in the entire world."〔Kawai, 1951. p. 23.〕 MacArthur's first priority was to set up a food distribution network; following the collapse of the ruling government and the wholesale destruction of most major cities, virtually everyone was starving. Even with these measures, millions of people were still on the brink of starvation for several years after the surrender.〔Gordon 2003, p. 228.〕 As expressed by Kawai Kazuo, "Democracy cannot be taught to a starving people,"〔Kawai, 1951. p. 27.〕 and while the US government encouraged democratic reform in Japan, it also sent billions of dollars in aid.〔Kawai, 1951. p. 26.〕 Initially, the US government provided emergency food relief through Government and Relief in Occupied Areas (GARIOA) funds. In fiscal year 1946, this aid amounted to US$92 million in loans. From April 1946, in the guise of Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia, private relief organizations were also permitted to provide relief. Once the food network was in place MacArthur set out to win the support of Hirohito. The two men met for the first time on September 27; the photograph of the two together is one of the most famous in Japanese history. However, many were shocked that MacArthur wore his standard duty uniform with no tie instead of his dress uniform when meeting the emperor. With the sanction of Japan's reigning monarch, MacArthur had the ammunition he needed to begin the real work of the occupation. While other Allied political and military leaders pushed for Hirohito to be tried as a war criminal, MacArthur resisted such calls and rejected the claims of members of the imperial family such as Prince Mikasa and Prince Higashikuni and intellectuals like Tatsuji Miyoshi who asked for the emperor's abdication, arguing that any such prosecution would be overwhelmingly unpopular with the Japanese people.〔Bix 2001, pp. 571–573.〕 By the end of 1945, more than 350,000 U.S. personnel were stationed throughout Japan. By the beginning of 1946, replacement troops began to arrive in the country in large numbers and were assigned to MacArthur's Eighth Army, headquartered in Tokyo's Dai-Ichi building. Of the main Japanese islands, Kyūshū was occupied by the 24th Infantry Division, with some responsibility for Shikoku. Honshū was occupied by the First Cavalry Division. Hokkaido was occupied by the 11th Airborne Division. By June 1950, all these army units had suffered extensive troop reductions and their combat effectiveness was seriously weakened. When North Korea invaded South Korea (see Korean War), elements of the 24th Division were flown into South Korea to try to stem the massive invasion force there, but the green occupation troops, while acquitting themselves well when suddenly thrown into combat almost overnight, suffered heavy casualties and were forced into retreat until other Japan occupation troops could be sent to assist. The official British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF), composed of Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand personnel, was deployed on February 21, 1946. While U.S. forces were responsible for the overall occupation, BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan's war industries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1945–52 )〕 BCOF was also responsible for occupation of several western prefectures and had its headquarters at Kure. At its peak, the force numbered about 40,000 personnel. During 1947, BCOF began to decrease its activities in Japan, and officially wound up in 1951. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Occupation of Japan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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